Has ISIS been Eliminated from Eastern Afghanistan?

 

www.jfmunir.com

American military dropped the largest bomb in its arsenal on an Islamic State cave complex in eastern Afghanistan in April,2017.It was thought that ISIS is going to be eliminated from Afghanistan in near future. But as the year comes to an end, the Islamic State is far from being vanquished in eastern Afghanistan. It has waged brutal attacks that have displaced thousands of families and forced even some Taliban fighters, who had long controlled the mountainous terrain, to seek government protection. The shifting dynamic has, in turn, threatened the American-backed government’s tenuous hold on the region. And two years into the joint United States-Afghanistan operation, a clear understanding of the Islamic State affiliate, the latest enemy in the long Afghan war, still evades even some of those charged with fighting it.

Part of the reason the two-year joint operation by the United States and Afghanistan against the Islamic State has made little progress is simply that the two forces are operating in a terrain where they have had little control for years. Air strikes and commando operations bring bursts of pressure, but the militants have release valves all around them. On one side is the porous border with Pakistan, where many of the fighters come from. Elsewhere is largely Taliban country.

Although the Taliban are known for their opposition to girls’ education, in Khogyani, the militants here allowed schooling, showing a willingness to drop a demand that had lost them hearts and minds before. In return for having nominal control, the government has paid the salaries of teachers and health workers that the Taliban could not afford.Abdul Jabar, who had been displaced from his home near the Pakistan border by recent battles between ISIS and the Taliban, said there was a two-story high school for girls close to his new home, with an enrollment of up to 1,600. Mir Haidar, who distributes vaccinations, said the three clinics there employed women, despite the Taliban’s past opposition to women in the workplace.

The Islamic State’s local affiliate in Afghanistan first emerged in 2014, swiftly gaining ground across Nangarhar Province. It quickly drew the attention of the United States military, which had scaled down its presence in Afghanistan to a small counterterrorism mission against Al Qaeda and a larger NATO mission to train Afghan forces to hold their ground against the Taliban.American and Afghan officials now have little reason to believe that the Afghan group, despite pledging allegiance to ISIS, maintains regular contact or receives directions from the Islamic State operating in Iraq and Syria. Instead, they say, the Islamic State in Afghanistan is largely made up of Pakistani militants pushed across the border by military operations in that country.
Credit: New York Times

Bitcoin Plunged from $20000 to $11000

www.jfmunir.com
Bitcoin plunged on Friday, extending a fall that saw the crypto-currency lose almost a third of its value from a record of nearly $20,000 (£15,000).The crypto-currency's price dipped below $11,000 on Friday,  before recovering to above $13,000.Amid the swings, three Bitcoin-related exchanges suspended certain trades.Bitcoin has had a blistering trip over the past 12 months. Its price at the start of the year was about $1,000.
But since Sunday Bitcoin has been on a losing streak, falling back to where it was at the start of December.Analysts said investors should be prepared for such rapid changes, which have characterised the asset from its start."This is exactly how this asset trades and has done since the beginning," said Nick Colas, co-founder of New York-based DataTrek Research. "It has a lot of volatility and it will for the foreseeable future."
This week's plunge led to a flood of trades that swamped one of Bitcoin's major exchanges, Coinbase, on Friday. A technical slowdown prompted the firm to halt buying and selling twice.The CME and CBOE exchanges in the US also temporarily suspended trading of certain Bitcoin futures contracts, which allow investors to bet on where they expect the price of Bitcoin to be at certain points in the future.The exchanges have automatic brakes that apply once a commodity or asset has moved by a certain amount - as happened in this case.

US Dishonest Mediator Says Abbas

www.jfmunir.com

Palestinian President Mahmud Abbas said on Friday that he would “no longer accept” any peace plan proposed by the United States, dealing a pre-emptive blow to a new initiative expected by Washington next year.The Palestinian president, Mahmoud Abbas, has formally declared that Palestinians will no longer accept the US as a mediator in the Middle East peace process following Donald Trump’s recognition of Jerusalem as the capital of Israel.In his strongest public statement since Trump’s announcement last week, Abbas said Palestinians would go to the United Nations security council to seek full membership of the UN while asking the world body to take control of the peace process as Washington was no longer “fit” for the task.The meeting took place a day after the US secretary of state, Rex Tillerson, suggested that the linked – and equally contentious – move of the US embassy from Tel Aviv to Jerusalem might not actually take place during Trump’s current term in office.

Abbas was speaking at a hastily convened meeting of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC) in Istanbul, where members were called upon to recognise a Palestinian state, amid strong condemnations of both the US and Israel.
“Jerusalem is and will forever be the capital of the Palestinian state,” Abbas told delegates. “We do not accept any role of the United States in the political process from now on, because it is completely biased towards Israel.”The Palestinian president’s comments were echoed later in the summit’s official closing statement, which declared “East Jerusalem as the capital of the state of Palestine” and invited “all countries to recognise the state of Palestine and East Jerusalem as its occupied capital”.

The statement said the OIC summit viewed Trump’s move “as an announcement of the US administration’s withdrawal from its role as sponsor of peace” in the Middle East, describing it as legally “null and void” and “a deliberate undermining of all peace efforts” that would give impetus to “extremism and terrorism”.The summit was attended by King Abdullah of Jordan, the Lebanese president, Michel Aoun, the emirs of Qatar and Kuwait, and the Iranian president, Hassan Rouhani, who called on all Muslim nations to unite to defend the rights of Palestinians.
The Turkish president, Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, opened the meeting by denouncing the US move as a provocative “red line” for Muslims, describing Israel as an occupying and “terror” state. His remarks were echoed by other speakers.But in a sign of cracks in the unity of Muslim countries – and reflecting the wider tensions in the region – Saudi Arabia and Egypt were represented at a relatively junior level, and took a back seat in the proceedings.

Away from the summit, however, King Salman of Saudi Arabia echoed its language, telling the kingdom’s consultative council that Palestinians had the right to establish the Israeli-annexed East Jerusalem as their capital.“The kingdom has called for a political solution to resolve regional crises, foremost of which is the Palestinian issue and the restoration of the Palestinian people’s legitimate rights, including the right to establish their independent state with East Jerusalem as its capital,” the king said.Analysts raised doubts as to whether Turkey’s leadership could bridge gaps in the Muslim political community, which is divided along Shia and Sunni lines.Despite the strength of the condemnations, the meeting appeared to have fallen short of Palestinian hopes for a display of unity.
There are fears that regional tensions may be fanned further by a visit by the US vice-president, Mike Pence, early next week, originally billed as focusing on the experience of Christians in the Middle East.Abbas has already said he will refuse to meet Pence in protest, and Christian Palestinian leaders have also come under pressure to boycott his visit.Trump’s announcement last week prompted an outpouring of anger in the Muslim and Arab world. Tens of thousands of people took to the streets to denounce Israel and show solidarity with the Palestinians.

Erdogan Vowed to Protect Jerusalem

www.jfmunir.com
President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan vowed to protect Jerusalem and said that a new plot targeting Muslims was unfolding. “A new attack has been launched using Jerusalem to target the entire Middle East and all Muslims,” he said. The Organization of Islamic Cooperation (OIC) issued a declaration on Wednesday recognizing East Jerusalem as the capital of Palestine.

Military Ready to Support Political Govt Normalizing Relations with India

www.jfmunir.com
Military was ready to back political leadership’s initiative for normalisation of relations with arch rival India.Gen Bajwa, according to some senators, said that relations with all neighbours had to be normalised and urged political leaders to try to improve relations with India. He assured that their efforts would be fully supported by the army.The general’s offer was particularly significant because Indians allege that the army has been blocking peace efforts.
Gen Bajwa reminded the legislators that a large part of Indian military deployments was mostly against Pakistan, even though it cited other threats. He also recalled that India was fomenting instability and terrorism in Pakistan and had in this regard developed a strong nexus with Afghan intelligence agency NDS.On Iran, Gen Bajwa said Islamabad and Tehran could not have adversarial relations. He is reported to have also touched on Pakistan’s efforts for a rapprochement between Tehran and Riyadh and noted that the initiative received a lukewarm response from Saudi Arabia.
In reply to a question about the Saudi-led military alliance of which Pakistan is also a part, the army chief confirmed that the terms of reference governing the alliance had not been finalised as yet and promised to share them with parliament once they were decided. He, however, assured the lawmakers that the alliance would not be allowed to acquire sectarian colours.

Pak Rupee Downfall or Realistic Adjustment?

www.jfmunir.com
The exchange rate uncertainty — which engulfed markets in July after the then finance minister, Ishaq Dar, audaciously reversed the central bank’s move to depreciate the local currency — ended on Dec 8. On that day, the State Bank of Pakistan (SBP) once again withdrew rupee support through a market mechanism, leading to a fall of 4.3 per cent in the currency’s value against the dollar in the next six days.Bankers and analysts have long been saying that the depreciation of the rupee was not a question of ‘why’, but ‘when’ and ‘how’. So here it is — a new rate band of Rs110-110.50 per dollar that the SBP may now defend until the full impact of the readjusted exchange rate becomes clear, top bankers say.
In fact, the central bank did intervene in the market twice last week, warded some undue pressure off the rupee and helped it close at Rs110.09 at the end of the day on Dec 14. “Had two large local banks not pumped in greenbacks in the market (which forex dealers suspected was done on SBP’s advice), the rupee would have closed at around Rs111 a dollar,” treasurers of a local bank told this writer.But another bank treasurer said the pressure on the rupee seen on Dec 13 and Dec 14 was also in response to a rise in the dollar’s value across Asia after a decision by the US Fed to increase its policy rate for the third time in 2017.Regardless of whether the SBP defends a new rate band or leaves it completely in the hands of market forces, the rupee may continue to remain under pressure for some time because of soaring trade and current-account deficits.
Pakistan’s trade deficit shot up to $15 billion (with exports at $9bn and imports at $24bn) in the first five months of this fiscal year, according to the Pakistan Bureau of Statistics. And according to the SBP, the current account deficit in the first four months of this fiscal year totalled $5bn, more than double the $2.26bn figure in the year-ago period.Regardless of whether the SBP defends a new rate band or leaves it to market forces, the rupee may continue to remain under pressure for some time because of soaring trade and current-account deficits.
A weakening rupee may provide some support to exports, which have already started growing this fiscal year. But fixing the trade deficit will remain elusive unless imports slow down.The rupee depreciation can make a dent in import growth in the areas of non-machinery, non-oil groups of food, luxuries and automobile, where the imposition of regulatory duties in August is also expected to make an impact.
But the sixty-four thousand dollar question is: how well will the rupee depreciation support export growth? Emboldened by an incentive package, less-interrupted supply of energy and growth in the large-scale manufacturing, our main export — textiles — is already growing.And while a weaker rupee can increase the pace of growth of overall exports, exporters are also trying to improve their own manufacturing and marketing capabilities to become more competitive in the world market.“The rupee depreciation is sure to boost the cost of external debt financing. But the prospects of a 6pc economic growth in the current fiscal year and the ongoing fiscal belt-tightening and plugging in revenue losses can offset its impact,” says a senior official of the Ministry of Finance.
Central bankers say they would keep watching the impact of the rupee decline on inflation, but hope it would not to be too problematic because domestic supplies of both food and non-food items are sufficient at the moment.
They privately admit that imports of industrial raw materials would become more expensive after the exchange rate adjustment. How the new rates will affect essential imports and how industries using those raw materials will respond to it should be watched closely.While most local bankers and analysts are apparently satisfied with the new exchange rate, some of them insist the rupee is still overvalued.Describing the recent rupee depreciation a welcome move, London-based Pakistani economist Raza A. Agha said in an emailed comment that “more needs to be done”, considering the still prevailing weakness of the external sector.
“The real effective exchange rate model suggests the rupee was 14.5pc overvalued in end-November, implying a rate of Rs121 per dollar. (But) whether the rupee will … get to Rs121 is another question,” said Mr Agha, who works as the chief economist for the Middle East and Africa at VTB Capital.He and other analysts believe that after the rupee’s decline, there is a need to raise domestic fuel and power tariffs, “otherwise there will be a fiscal impact.”SBP officials point out that in addition to maintaining the interest and exchange rates at adequate levels, their mandate also includes promoting economic growth.
“That is why you see we don’t always buy pure technical arguments for rupee depreciation beyond a certain level, even when the pressure comes from the IMF,” one official told this writer, implying that the IMF, too, had called for more depreciation of the rupee value than allowed by the central bank.
Credit:Dawn

Khalistan Separatist Movement of India

www.jfmunir.com
The Khalistan movement aimed to create a separate Sikh country. The territorial definition of the proposed country ranges from the Punjab state of India to the greater Punjab region, including the Indian Punjab, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh and Northern Districts of Rajasthan such as Sri Ganga Nagar and Hanuman Garh. The movement remained very active in the Punjab state of India from1970s to early 1990s however there are still some elements inside and outside India who are struggling for their separate homeland.

 After the partition the majority of the Sikhs migrated from the Pakistani part to the Indian province of Punjab. India's independence in 1947, The Punjabi Suba Movement led by the Sikh political party Akali Dal led to the trifurcation of the Punjab state. The remnant Punjab state became Sikh-majority and Punjabi-majority. Subsequently, a section of the Sikh leaders started demanding more autonomy for the states, alleging that the Central government was discriminating against Punjab. Although the Akali Dal explicitly opposed the demand for an independent Sikh country, the issues raised by it were used as a premise for the creation of a separate country by the proponents of Khalistan.

In June 1984, the Indian Government ordered a military operation, Operation Blue Star to clear Harmandir Sahib, Amritsar and thirty other Gurdwaras (Sikh Place of Worship) of armed terrorists who were desecrating Gurudwaras by using those as sanctuary. The Indian Army used 3,000 armed troops of the 9th Division of the National Security Guards, 175 Parachute Regiment and artillery units, and 700 Jawans. During this operation, Indian Army had around 83+ casualties with 220 injuries, and 200- 250 Sikh militants were killed. The handling of the operation, damage to the Holy shrine and loss of life on both sides, led to widespread criticism of the Indian Government. The Indian government did this under complete media blockage. However, the eyewitness accounts of survivors revealed the real picture to public. This lead of widespread distrust and anger against the Indian government and primarily the Indian Prime Minister. The Indian Prime Minister Indira Ghandi was assassinated by her two Sikh bodyguards in retaliation. Following her death, thousands of Sikhs were massacred. The subsequent insurgency saw several secessionist militant groups becoming active in Punjab, supported by a section of the Sikh Diaspora.Indian security forces suppressed the insurgency in the early 1990s, but Sikh political groups such as some Sikh parties continued to pursue an independent Khalistan through non-violent means. Pro-Khalistan organisations such Dal Khalsa International are also active outside India.

Credit:wikipedia

Palestinian Billionaire Masri Released

www.jfmunir.com

 Sabih al Masri, a Palestinian billionaire and Jordan’s most influential businessman, was released after several days of detention in Saudi Arabia, the latest in a series of events marking the worst crackdown on the rich and powerful in the country’s modern history.Masri, the chairman of Amman-based Arab Bank, the country’s largest lender, was detained last Tuesday hours before he was planning to leave after chairing meetings of companies he owns, sources said. He said on Sunday Saudi authorities had given him “all respect”. The authorities have not commented on his detention, which came after his confidants had warned him against traveling to the Saudi capital following a series of mass arrests in early November, the sources said.
Sources familiar with the case said he was questioned about his links to Saudi partners among the royals, ministers and officials who were rounded up in last month’s crackdown.His case carried echoes of that of Lebanese Prime Minister Saad al-Hariri, who announced his resignation from Riyadh, drawing accusations from Lebanese officials that he had been coerced by the Saudis. Both the Saudis and Hariri denied that, but Hariri later rescinded his resignation.Masri’s detention sent shockwaves through business circles in Jordan and the Palestinian territories. Masri’s multi-billion- dollar investments in hotels and banking in Jordan are a cornerstone of the economy of the kingdom and he is by far the biggest investor in Palestinian territories.Arab Bank shares, which account for almost a quarter of the $24 billion market capitalization of the Amman exchange, ended just 1.44 percent lower at start of weekly trade as investor fears ebbed with news of his release.
Officials and businessmen had warned of the reverberations of the crisis on an aid-strapped Jordanian economy already plagued by high debts. Saudi Arabia is a major donor.Masri has since taking the helm at Arab Bank in 2012 helped boost confidence in one of the Arab world’s largest private financial institutions.
The bank, which was first established in Jerusalem in 1930, has a balance sheet of over $45 billion and has earned a reputation of resilience in the face of regional political turmoil.Masri said on Sunday that he would be returning to Jordan after finishing business meetings in Riyadh in the next two days.
“All is well and am happy (to be released) and I was given all respect by everyone here,” a Saudi citizen of Palestinian origin, told Reuters from his home in Riyadh.
A member of a prominent merchant family from Nablus in the Israeli-occupied West Bank, Masri amassed a fortune by partnering with influential Saudis in a catering business to supply troops during the U.S.-led military operation to retake Kuwait from Iraq in the 1991 Gulf War.Masri is the founder of Saudi Astra Group, which has wide interests in diversified industries ranging from agro-industry to telecommunications, construction and mining across the region.
Reasons for Masri’s detention were not clear, but political sources said the Saudis might have used him to put pressure on Jordan’s King Abdullah not to attend a Muslim summit last week to discuss U.S. President Donald Trump’s decision to recognize Jerusalem as Israel’s capital.The Jordanian monarch attended the Istanbul summit, however. He is a custodian of Muslim holy sites in Jerusalem and has been vocal in criticizing Trump over his decision on Jerusalem.Saudi Arabia, whose relations with the United States have warmed with Trump taking a harder line against its arch-rival Iran than his predecessor, appears to have taken a softer line on the decision on Jerusalem than in the past, according to analysts. Riyadh sent a junior minister to the Istanbul meeting.
Credit:Reuters

Tribute to Major Muhammad Akram

     

Current Affairs

Turkish Latest Posture Frustrating US

http://www.jfmunir.com
On Monday, US National Security Advisor HR McMaster added to tensions in the Middle East when he condemned Turkey and Qatar as prime sponsors of extremist Islamist ideology.
He tore into the Turkish leadership, saying the country’s growing problems with the West are largely due to the rise of the Justice and Development Party in Ankara.
A few days ago, McMaster had described China and Russia as “revisionist powers” encroaching on US allies and undermining the international order, and castigated Iran and North Korea as outlaw regimes that “support terror and are seeking weapons of mass destruction.”
McMaster now rounds on Turkey and Qatar for mentoring a radical Islamist ideology that “is obviously a grave threat to all civilized people.” The stunning part is that Turkey is a NATO ally, while the US Central Command is headquartered in Qatar.
Arguably, Turkey no longer qualifies to be a NATO member. McMaster spoke at a rare public policy platform with his British counterpart Mark Sedwill, at an event hosted by the Policy Exchange think tank in Washington. How any of this transmutes into Anglo-American policy will bear watching. (Interestingly, on a visit to Greece last week, Erdogan publicly sought a revision of the 1923 Treaty of Lausanne, which was negotiated under the tutelage of Britain and the US and ceded, amongst other things, all Turkish claims on the Dodecanese Islands and Cyprus.
Significantly, McMaster’s outburst came within hours of a meeting in Ankara between Erdogan and Russian President Vladimir Putin, their eighth this year, during a combined day-long trip by the Russian leader which included stops in Egypt, Turkey and the Hmeimim airbase in Syria.
Ironically, if it was the perceived Soviet threat to Turkey that Harry Truman and Dean Acheson blew out of proportion to lay the ground for an enthusiastically pro-American Turkish prime minister, Adnan Menderes, to bring Turkey into the NATO fold in 1952, 55 years later the blossoming of Russo-Turkish cooperation prompts Washington to doubt Turkey’s credentials as an ally.
But then, NATO has no precedents of ousting a member state and its decisions are taken unanimously. To be sure, Erdogan will only leave the NATO tent kicking and screaming. His intent is to shake off US hegemony, which he can do better while inside the NATO tent. He is in turn taunting, provoking, snubbing, defying and – worse still –ridiculing US regional strategies.
Erdogan’s intent is to shake off US hegemony, which he can do better while inside the NATO tent. He is in turn taunting, provoking, snubbing, defying and – worse still –ridiculing US regional strategies
Erdogan’s talks with Putin on Monday suggest a new stage in their coordination to undermine US interests in the Middle East. Putin announced that they agreed on a loan agreement, which will be signed “very shortly,” to pursue the “significant prospects for expanding our military and technical cooperation.”
Erdogan added that “the relevant agencies of our two countries are expected to complete what needs to be done this week” with regard to Turkey’s purchase of Russia’s S-400 missile system. It is a huge snub to Washington and some of its NATO allies that the Russian system cannot be integrated into the alliance’s defenses.
Again, Erdogan announced that Turkey and Russia are “determined to complete in the shortest possible time” the Turkish Stream (which will bring more Russian gas to Turkey and use Turkey as a hub to supply southern Europe) and the US$25 billion Akkuyu Nuclear Power Plant. The US opposes the Turkish Stream, which will frustrate its plans to export LNG to Europe.
Putin joined Erdogan to criticize the US decision regarding Jerusalem. Putin said, “It is destabilizing the region and wiping out the prospect of peace”; Erdogan said he was “pleased” by Putin’s stand. Erdogan said the OIC (Organization of Islamic Cooperation) summit in Istanbul on Wednesday would be a “turning point” on the crisis; Putin promised to send a representative.
Most stunning, though, are the emerging contours of a profound Russo-Turkish action plan in Syria. They attribute centrality to the Astana peace process, which also includes Iran but leaves the US and its regional allies in the cold. Following Putin-Erdogan talks, the next meeting at Astana has been announced.
Equally, Russia and Turkey are collaborating to organize a congress of Syrian National Dialogue in Sochi. Foreign Minister Mevlut Cavusoglu signaled on Tuesday that Turkey no longer objects to Kurdish participation. Evidently, Russia is leveraging its influence with the Kurdish groups. This badly isolates the US, which is increasingly left with rump elements of Kurdish militant groups as its remaining allies. An open-ended US military presence in Syria becomes pointless since the capacity to influence a Syrian settlement is nearing zero.
Turkish President Tayyip Erdogan and his Russian counterpart Vladimir Putin meet in Ankara, Turkey.
After returning to Moscow, Putin submitted to the Duma a new agreement on expanding the Russian base in the Syrian port city of Tartus. The balance of forces in the Mediterranean region is dramatically shifting even before a Syrian settlement is negotiated.
Meanwhile, Cavusoglu hinted that Turkey and Russia plan to create new facts on the ground in northern Syria. “Threats for Turkey are coming from Afrin. We may enter this region without a warning. If we carry out the operation there, we will agree on all its aspects with our allies, including Russia.”
Putin apparently heeded Erdogan’s concerns that Afrin is a crucial region for Turkish national security. This is a paradigm shift. If Turkey kicks out the Kurdish militia from Afrin in coordination with Russia, it is a slap to America’s face.
.

China Favours Independant Palistine

     

                            

Current Affairs

China calls for independent Palestinian state with East Jerusalem as its capital

http://www.jfmunir.com
China has officially stated that it supports the establishment of an independent state of Palestine based on pre-1967 borders with East Jerusalem as its capital.
“China understands the concerns of Islamic countries on the status of Jerusalem, supports the resolution of the status of Jerusalem in accordance with the relevant United Nations resolutions and international consensus,” Chinese Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Lu Kang said.
He made the remarks during his regular press briefing in Beijing while responding to a question about the adoption of a joint statement by the Organisation of Islamic Conference (OIC) calling on the international community to recognise East Jerusalem as Palestinian capital.
He said he hoped the negotiations between Palestine and Israel would resume at an early date so as to promote a comprehensive, just and lasting solution to the Palestine issue.

Nagaland Separarist Movement in India

                   

  

Site Title           

Indian Affairs

Nagaland Separatist Movement in India

http://www.jfmunir.com

Northeastern India consists of seven states :Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura, Arunachal Pradesh, Mizoram, Manipur, and Nagaland. Tensions exist between these states and the central government as well as amongst their native tribal people and migrants from other parts of India.In 2014 tensions rose as the Indian government introduced several Armed Forces Special Powers Acts (AFSPA) to subdue separatist movements in certain parts of the country. . Each Act gives soldiers immunity in specified regions against prosecution unless the Indian government gives prior sanction for such prosecution. Indian Army launched an offensive, which led to a retaliatory attack on civilians by tribal guerrillas. Major militant activities are being conducted in Assam, Manipur, Nagaland and Tripura.
Naga nationalism is an ideology that supports the self-determination of the Naga people in India and Myanmar, and the furtherance of Naga culture. Some Naga groups share a common belief of their ethnogenesis as a distinct people: these groups include Angami, Sema, Rengma, Lotha, Zeme, Liangmei and Rongmei According to this belief, the ancestors of the Nagas lived in harmony together at a place called Mahkel (identified with the present-day Mao village of Makhel in Manipur, and, alternatively, believed to be near the Chindwin river in present-day Myanmar.As their population grew, they decided to split and spread outside Makhel. According to the Heraka faith, the Naga peoples took an oath pledging that they would come together again and live as a kingdom.

However, when the British arrived in India, the various Naga tribes had no common national identity. The term “Naga” was a vaguely-defined exonym, which referred to the different tribes in present-day Nagaland and its surrounding area. The different tribes spoke mutually unintelligible languages and had distinct cultures but they are inextricably interrelated. Each Naga village was a sovereign state ruled by tribal elders. Internecine feuds, wars and headhunting campaigns were common among the Naga tribes. The British captured several Naga territories and consolidated them under the Naga Hills District of Assam. During the British rule, missionaries such as Miles Bronson and Edwin W. Clark introduced Christianity to the area, greatly changing the social and political fabric of the local society. The common Christian identity led to peace and unity among the various Naga tribes. Nagamese developed as a link language for inter-tribe communication.
During the Kuki revolt (1917–19) and the World War I (1914–18), the British Government recruited a number of labourers and porters from the Naga tribes. As part of the labour corps, around 2000 Nagas were sent to France, where, alienated from the other British Indian troops, they developed a sense of unity. They agreed that after returning to their homeland, they will work towards unity and friendship among the various Naga tribes. These Nagas, together with the British officials, formed the Naga Club in 1918. This club provided the socio-political foundation for the Naga nationalist movement. In 1929, the Club submitted a memorandum to the Simon Commission, requesting that the Nagas should be given a choice of self-determination after the British departure from India. Heraka was a religious movement led by Haipou Jadonang and his successor Rani Gaidinliu, who sought to establish the legendary kingdom of the Naga people during 1929-33. The two aimed at creating a feeling of religious nationalism among the Nagas, mainly the Zeliangrong tribes (Zeme, Liangmei and Rongmei including Inpui-Kabui). They launched an independence struggle against the British, and sought to establish intertribal solidarity and unity. However, the movement was not widespread outside of the three Zeliangrong tribes due to its antagonistic attitude towards Christian converts and the Kukis. The movement also developed into a political uprising against the British, which prompted the Government to clamp down on it.In 1945, C. R. Pawsey, the deputy commissioner of the Naga Hills District, established the Naga Hills District Tribal Council as a forum of the various Naga groups. This body replaced the Naga Club, and a year later, developed into a political organization called the Naga National Council (NNC). The NNC initially demanded autonomy within the Indian Union and a separate electorate. However, later, under the leadership of Angami Zapu Phizo, it adopted a secessionist outlook and campaigned for the creation for a sovereign Naga state. The NNC declined as differences developed between Phizo and other leaders, and Phizo got the NNC secretary T. Sakhrie murdered in January 1956.

After a series of armed conflicts and peace missions, the Government of India agreed to create the Naga Hills Tuensang Area (NHTA), a Union territory with a large degree of autonomy. After further protests, violence and diplomatic discussions, the Government recognised Nagaland as a full-fledged State within the Union of India. Since then, the Naga nationalism has co-existed with Indian nationalism.
NSCN-IM started negotiations with principles of talks without pre -condition, talks at the level of prime minister and talks in third country. A formal ceasefire agree ment between the Government and NSCN IM was signed in 1997 after which several rounds were talks between held.
However questions are being raised on the inclusiveness of the Naga talks especially with outlawed militant outfit Khaplang faction of NSCN-IM is still maintaining defiant posture and shown reluctance to rejoin the peace process. A 15-member delegation of Nagaland GB (Gaon Burahs) Federation (NGBF) met Prime Minister, Narendra Modi in New Delhi recently and urged him to take on board all Naga national political groups to the negotiating table so as to find a lasting and peaceful solution. NGBF is the forum of the village headmen.
The delegation before meeting the Prime minister had met Government of India’s Interlocutor for Naga Peace Talks, R.N. Ravi urged upon the latter to include all stakeholders in the peace process. NGBF expressed concern over abrogation of cease-fire between government of India and NSCN (Khaplang) and requested to “revive” the cease-fire with the group. Chuba Ozukum, President of Naga Hoho, the apex body of Naga people told ET, “It is a desire of Naga people that talks must be inclusive and all the groups must be included and in absence of Khaplang faction or any other group talks cannot be inclusive.”
Credit: Wikipedia

        

 

         

    

How to Earn Money through Internet

How to Earn from 13 Best Free Online Works without Investment in 2018
www.fmunir.com

List of Best 13 Paying free online works to earn extra income every day legitimately

1.Online Surveys

Surveys are one of the best ways to make some extra income every month simply providing your opinion. Most of the survey companies, want to know your opinion about a specific product or any kind of political or economic situations. There are two kinds of surveys. One is product specific and other is about your daily life style. In both ways, you have to be honest while providing your opinion. If you are more honest with your opinion you may get more surveys to complete. Some survey sites pay you through PayPal and some survey sites pay you through gift voucher.

While sign-up with survey sites, you must have to fill up your profile information and according to your profile data, they may send the surveys. A few good ones to try are: Toluna, Vivatic, MySurvey, Valued Opinions, IPSOS, Global Test Market, The Opinion Panel, Crowdology, YouGov, Pinecone, OnePoll, SurveyBods, PopulusLive, Hiving, PanelBase, MintVine, Opinion Outpost, Harris Poll, Mind Mover, New Vista, iPoll.

2.Searching Web

Interested in earning cash for doing what you already do online? This has to be one of the easiest methods of making money online without really any effort.

This innovative idea by Qmee.com rewards you for searching in Google, Bing or Yahoo. You just install a simple add-on to your browser and when you conduct a search there may be a few sponsored results alongside your normal search.Each Qmee result has a cash reward attached – if you are interested in it simply click on it and collect your reward.The best thing is there is no minimum to cashout – our first one was just 72p wired to our Paypal account. You also have the option to donate it to charity.

3.Write and Publish a Kindle eBook

With the Amazon Kindle store, anyone can publish an eBook and make money.And the Kindle app is now available on almost any device (laptops, iPads, smartphones and yes, Kindles) so your global market is huge!

List your book for £1.49 – £6.99 and you earn 70% of the sale. Considering Amazon is the ultimate selling machine (and remember people are looking to spend), that is a fantastic deal.The key to success with eBooks is to create value, and write non-fiction. Simply bundling information you have researched and complied on a common problem (eg. ‘secrets' to finding a job) and then presenting it in an easy to digest format (an eBook) justifies someone spending a few quid on it.

Another big tip is to have a great cover designed so it stands out, and once your book is live on the Kindle store it's really important to get some reviews so it shows up higher in results. Encourage readers to leave an honest review at the end of your book.The best thing about this lucrative idea is that once you've invested the time (say 20 hours), you'll earn a passive income for years to come! For a step-by-step guide to publishing and earning with eBooks, see “How to write a nonfiction eBook in 21 days“. 

4.Affiliate Marketing

Some people or companies want to reward you if you can sell their product online. You will earn a certain percentage of commissions once the product has been sold.In affiliate marketing, 3 parties are involved like the advertiser, affiliate and customers.  There are a lot of affiliate network which allows the advertisers to advertise their product and you being an affiliate or publisher to the network to sell the advertisers product and once the customer buys the product then you will earn money.There is no risk involved from your side because once you send the customers to their product then everything will be taken care of by affiliate network like how the product will reach to customers house or how the customer will pay the money.All you have to do is join the affiliate network and find the suitable product which you think you can sell online. Once you have chosen the product they will give the product link or banner which includes your tracking Id and promote it online. If a visitor(customer) buys the advertiser’s product by clicking your link then you will make commissions.

5.Buy and Sell Domain Names

 

A domain name is just a website address (eg. ‘savethestudent.org' or ‘mysite.co.uk') and there are lots of extensions (.com, .net, .co.uk etc).

They cost as little as £1.99 to register with 123-reg.co.uk or GoDaddy.com yet premium domain names can fetch £1,000s if not millions when sold on. In 2007 VacationRentals.com went for a cool $35m!

Now you're probably not going to come across anything like that, but you can still turn a quick profit with a bit of searching. The trick is to find available domain names which have some commercial value, snap them up and then list them for sale on a site like Sedo.com.

6.Work as a Freelancer

Freelancing jobs are most popular online. Here you can work for different companies, website owners, or for any individual organizations who want to hire you for short terms in contract basis. Instead of working as an employee in a company where you don’t have freedom, you can start work for different companies from your home, in your own time.

When the people look for jobs in a particular company, they have to prepare their resume before they apply and in that resume, they mentioned their skill and experience. Like that you have to identify your skill and prepare a portfolio where you can mention your skill and your previous experience in handling any project. Even though you don’t have any previous experience still you can work as a fresher where you can demand less money for selling your work until you became a well-known freelancer.Here you can sell your work or service to others. There are many people or companies wants others to do their work. Therefore they outsource their work for the people who have the skills to do so. Instead of doing work in a company for salary basis you can start your career as a freelancer where you can sell your work to different companies and earn much more from it. You can start your work as a writer, designer(logo, graphic, website), video animator and much more. These are small tasks provided by the employer with some instruction. You have to complete the tasks according to their instructions. If you failed to follow the instruction correctly then your reputation will be bad as an employee at the result you may get fewer tasks or if you make more mistakes then you will be banned. Therefore while attempting tasks follow their rules and do it correctly so that your reputation percentage will increase and you will get more tasks. Therefore, always attempt the easy tasks and avoid the tasks which are difficult for you.Fiverr is a freelancing market place where buyer and seller meet their requirements and you can be a seller there to earn money. Every small work you can sell is known as Gig. Basic Gig starts from 5 dollars. That means for a small piece of work you can claim 5 dollars. Suppose you are a writer then you can create a gig in your Fiverr profile that you can write an article with 500 words for 5 dollars and you can create separate gigs that you can write an article with 1000 words with 10$ like that and Fiverr is not limited to writing only. It is a vast freelancing market place and many skilled workers are there.

 7.Earn from Google AdSense

Google Adsense is a revenue sharing company owned by google. As Google is the number one search engine on the Internet most of the big companies or the people who want the customers, they advertise their product or website in google Adwords. That ad Google show in its search result and helps the small webmaster like you and me to participate in their revenue sharing program to earn money by showing that Google Adsense ads on our websites. It is a pay per click program. That means when the visitors of your website click those ads you will make money. Google shares 68% of revenue to its publishers.The simple thing is, if you have a website and getting good traffic then you can monetize your traffic with Google Adsense ads. Monetize means to generate revenue from your traffic. Before participating in their revenue sharing program you must be approved by them as a publisher. Therefore submit your website today for approval and once you get approved by Adsense team, then you can use Adsense ads to show any of your websites but your website must not violate their program and policies.A Lot of webmasters are earning 1000 of dollars every month from google. It’s because Google always shows the ads which are 100% relevant to your content.  To know more about google Adsense click here 

8.Youtube Partnership Program

YouTube is the second most popular site on the Internet after Google. It is the largest video sharing community where people spend their time watching videos to learn many things, or for the entertainment purpose. As YouTube is one of the hosting partners of google you can earn money from it by creating your own channel and uploading your interesting videos.If you have a camera or a mobile then record some of the interesting scene surrounding you and upload the videos to your channel. Next step you can enable your channel for monetization and associate your Adsense account to get paid. A lot of people earn big money from YouTube but if you can upload at least 30 or 40 videos then it is not hard to earn 200 to 300 dollars every month. visit the link below to know more about YouTube.

According to recent stats we now watch more videos on YouTube than searches on Google. And with the recently introduced YouTube Partner Program you can now profit from making and uploading videos. You will receive a percentage of the advertising revenue collected per 1,000 views. YouTube holds the largest part of video sharing site in the world. Many advertisers and business promoters all around the world use to promote their product or brand videos through YouTube.YouTube, thus a part of Google Revenue sharing offers a way to earn money from their original videos posted in YouTube.Create videos of your own on any topic or on your brand product or services. Then upload the video with YouTube and start promoting. Later, join YouTube partner program if your video is accepted.Depending on how successful you are (virality, subscriber base and topic) you can make a lot of money, and there are plenty of stories every week of more and more YouTubers making it their career.

9.Network Marketing

 

Also known as Multi-Level Marketing (MLM), this is a business model that allows you to generate ongoing income in two ways: by making a commission selling products and by recruiting other members who go on to sell. The later allows you to make money from the sales made by those you have recruited.

Importantly, this is not a pyramid scheme (they are illegal) because there is an end goal which involves a customer buying a product or service of value.

It's also not a ‘get rich quick' scheme. You will have to work I'm afraid! However with the growth of social media, network marketing is becoming easier and lots of people are now making a decent living from it.
.

11.Earn Money from Blogging

Blogging is one of the lucrative ways to earn money online if you can do it properly. Blogging is nothing but creating your own website and share something useful stuff frequently. Before creating a blog, you must choose a niche or subject on the basis of it you should think what you can write in your blog which will bring the visitors. Because without traffic you can not earn money. First, discover the area of your specialty and find a specific topic according to that. Once you choose the topic then research more it on the Internet and then write articles. Below is the step by step guide you can follow:-

1.    find the topic

2.    Next purchase a domain

3.    purchase hosting for your website

4.    next, write articles

5.    focus on getting traffic to your blog

6.    next think about monetizing your web traffic with pay per click program, affiliate product to earn money.

If you can not afford for hosting then you can host your site in blogger.com. It is free. Once you set up your blog then create new posts or write articles about your topic. Next, you can focus on getting visitors or traffic to your blog. You can learn SEO optimization for your blog and learn how to get traffic. Once your traffic grows, then you can monetize your traffic with pay per click program ads and with affiliate product.  The best pay per click program is Google Adsense and for the affiliate product, we can discuss it below.There are many ways to earn money online from your blog some of them are:

i.) Publishing ads from ad-networks such as Google Ad Sense, Chitika, Bidvertiser
ii.) Selling and promoting products online…

If you already have a blog or website, then you can add your website or blog with Google Ad Sense and make real full time income.

You can make even Rs.50000/- to Rs.100000/- and more with Ad Sense enabled blog or website.

12. Earn Money from SFI

SFI, stands for Strong Future International marketing group launched in 1998 in United States with the view of selling products Online.

Started with just few hundred products since 1998, had now above 80000 products and services worldwide in more than 180 countries.

SFI created successful business model in E-Commerce with their Triple Clicks online store.Anyone of legal age from any country can join with them for free and become an affiliate of SFI, there by you can promote their products and earn 45% direct sales commission.Once registered with them, you will be provided with a website for Learning SFI and marketing their products.All these available at free of cost with no obligation or purchase requirements. You will paid commission for each and every sale through your affiliate link.All payment processing, customer support work, packing, forwarding and shipping of ordered products will be handled by SFI team and the only work on our side is to put the product in front of the buyers.

13. Email Reading

 

Here you can earn money by viewing commercial advertisements. It is same as PTC site but the only difference is an email reading jobs you will be notified via email whenever the advertisements are available. Each email may contain several ads to view.You will earn $0.02 for each ad you click. It is higher comparative to PTC sites. payment is through PayPal once you reach minimum payment threshold $25. But they will give you sign up commission $5 as a bonus free.There are many sites offering this kind of jobs. But only sites I can recommend is hits4pay. You can join with Hits4pay by clicking the link below. After you sign up they will review your account and reply you within 24 hours. If you get approved then log in to Hits4pay and edit your interest categories. You can select up to 15 categories. The more category you select, the more email you will get. Another way to earn more with Hits4pay is referring new members. It has 2 level of the referral program. From both levels, you will get 50 % of commissions.